In particular, the nocturnal orientation in the context of mate finding remains largely unknown but is of utterly importance as the survival and mating success of moths might decrease by ALAN-mediated degradation of such orientation cues 23. However, the underlying mechanisms and cues of the nocturnal orientation of moths are still poorly understood. Recently, it was shown that dung beetle behavior is affected by ALAN 21 and the impact of ALAN on important ecosystem services such as nocturnal pollination was documented 22. It alters natural light regimes with potential long-term effects on nocturnal insects 10, 20. For example, dung beetles can use the Milky Way as an orientation cue 15 and also sense polarization patterns from moonlight 16, 17.ĪLAN has become a global threat, growing in intensity and affecting increasingly larger areas 18, 19. Nocturnal insects have evolved under natural nocturnal light conditions and can therefore utilize dim light including starlight for orientation 11, 12, 13, 14.
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Recently, artificial light at night (ALAN), or “light pollution”, has been suggested as a possible driver for insect decline in general 7, 8 and the decline of nocturnal moths in particular (see discussion in 4, 9, 10). Consequently, there is an urgent need to understand the reasons for their decline. Moths play a crucial role as nocturnal pollinators and are important components of almost all terrestrial food webs 4, 5, 6.
Along with the general insect decline, a significant decrease in abundance and altered distribution of moths has been observed across Europe 4. Principal stressors include land use and climate change, agriculture, introduced species, nitrification, and pollution 3. Students should always confirm course meeting dates, times, and delivery modes via the Course Timetables website.The accelerating decline of insects has become a major topic in nature conservation and research over the last years 1, 2. As a result, the unscheduled course meetings will not appear in the schedule view on VSB. Courses with no assigned day/time/duration are asynchronous and will appear blank or have zeroes in the Day / Time / Duration columns. Please note: Some courses will appear as (unscheduled) in the Visual Schedule Builder (VSB). To learn more about online and remote course delivery and what to expect in Fall/Winter 2021-2022, visit these FAQs. The last day to add without permission from the department has passed.įor more information on your Faculty's rules, policies and your program of study, please visit to the Calendars Website. If you try enrolling in a course and see one of these messages, please use the Course Contact Directory to determine who to contact. If you have further questions contact Registrarial Services.Ĭourse permissions are managed by the department offering the course.
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Instructions for using the Registration and Enrolment Module (REM) and troubleshooting help is also available on the Enrolment and Registration Guide page you are particularly encouraged to check out the Faculty-Specific Enrolment Reminders section. Descriptions for courses offered in the past several years are available from the "Course Search By." link at the bottom of the grey bar on the left.īefore enrolling: you should read through the Important Dates pages to ensure that you are fully aware of the various course add/drop and start/end dates, and the financial impact of enrolling in and dropping courses. This site contains information about the current course timetables and the current exam schedules once they have been released. The York Courses website is designed to provide a central location where information can be obtained on thousands of courses that are being taught and have been taught in the past at York University. Undergraduate Enrolment and Registration Guide.
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